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ISCR Case 17-01842.h1 — CASE

ISCR Case 17-01842.h1denied

Case Headnote

ISCR Case No. 17-01842.h1

deniedMar 23, 2018· Hon. Mark W. Harvey· hearing

Summary

A 47-year-old mechanical engineer, employed by a Department of Defense contractor, was denied a security clearance under Guideline F (Financial Considerations). The denial stemmed from the applicant's failure to timely file federal and state income tax returns for the years 2007 through 2016. This issue was specifically cited in the Statement of Reasons as a failure to file required annual tax returns.

Although the applicant eventually filed all outstanding returns shortly before the security clearance hearing and had no tax liabilities, the judge found that the prolonged delay raised significant concerns. The primary reasons for denial included a demonstrated lack of compliance with governmental rules, with procrastination cited as the main cause for the failure to file.

The timing of the filings, occurring only after the applicant was notified of security concerns, was interpreted as a lack of self-discipline, undermining the applicant's reliability and judgment. Disqualifying condition AG ¶ 19(f) was raised, while mitigating condition AG ¶ 20(g) was applied, but ultimately, the clearance was denied.

Why the Applicant Was Denied

The applicant failed to file federal and state income tax returns for multiple years, indicating a lack of compliance with governmental rules.
Procrastination was cited as the primary reason for the failure to file tax returns, undermining the applicant's reliability and judgment.
The timing of the applicant's tax filings, occurring only after being notified of security concerns, suggested a lack of self-discipline.

Conditions Referenced

Disqualifying

AG ¶ 19(f)raisedFailure to File Annual Federal, State, or Local Income Tax Returns

Mitigating

AG ¶ 20(g)appliedThe Individual Has Made Arrangements with the Appropriate Tax Authority to File or Pay the Amount Owed and Is in Compliance with Those Arrangements

Key Rule Quoted

“Failure to file tax returns suggests that an applicant has a problem with complying with well-established governmental rules and systems.”
— ISCR Case No. 01-05340 at 3 (App. Bd. Dec. 20, 2002)

Procedural Posture

SOR issuedJun 6, 2017
Answer filedJun 29, 2017
Hearing heldNov 29, 2017
Decision dateMar 23, 2018

Cite For

Failure to Timely File Tax Returns as a Disqualifying Condition Under Guideline F
Procrastination as a Factor Undermining an Applicant's Reliability
The Importance of Timely Compliance with Tax Obligations in Security Clearance Evaluations

Editorial summary generated for research. Not legal advice; not a prediction. Verify against the full decision before relying on any quoted language.

Standardized Decision Profile

SEAD-4 Guideline F · descriptive summary of a decided case

Posture: Decision on RecordDecided: denied

The judge found against the applicant on financial considerations due to a failure to timely file federal and state income tax returns for multiple years. Although the applicant eventually filed the returns and owed no taxes, the judge determined that this behavior indicated a lack of good judgment and reliability necessary for access to classified information.

¶	Allegation	Finding	Type	Response	Disqualifying (¶19)	Mitigating applied (¶20)	Mitigation
1.a	Failure to file annual Federal, state, or local income tax returns as required.	Against Applicant	Tax Filing Failure	Admitted	(f) failure to file / fraudulent filing of tax returns or unpaid tax	—	—
1.b	specific text not stated in this decision	Against Applicant	Unspecified Financial	Unknown	—	—	—

Descriptive standardized rendering of a decided public case (Guideline F). The verbatim source decision is shown in full below.

Full decision

The complete, official text — footnotes and signatures included — is in the original PDF.

Decision text, by section

DEFENSE OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS

HEARING

APPEARANCES

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEFENSE OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS

In the matter of: ) ) ) ISCR Case No. 17-01842 ) ) Applicant for Security Clearance

For Government: Caroline E. Heintzelman, Esq., Department Counsel For Applicant: Pro se

03/23/2018 ___________

STATEMENT OF CASE

___________

HARVEY, Mark, Administrative Judge:

On December 16, 2017, Applicant filed his state and federal income tax returns for tax years 2007 to 2016. Financial considerations security concerns are not mitigated. Access to classified information is denied.

Statement of the Case

On June 30, 2016, Applicant completed and signed a Questionnaire for National Security Positions (SF 86) or security clearance application (SCA). Government Exhibit (GE) 1. On June 6, 2017, the Department of Defense (DOD) Consolidated Adjudications Facility (CAF) issued a statement of reasons (SOR) to Applicant under Executive Order (Exec. Or.) 10865, Safeguarding Classified Information within Industry, February 20, 1960; DOD Directive 5220.6, Defense Industrial Personnel Security Clearance Review Program (Directive), January 2, 1992; and the Adjudicative Guidelines for Determining Eligibility for Access to Classified Information, effective on September 1, 2006 (Sept. 1, 2006 AGs). Hearing Exhibit (HE) 2. The SOR set forth security concerns arising under the financial considerations guideline.

On June 29, 2017, Applicant provided a response to the SOR, and he requested a hearing. HE 3. On August 23, 2017, Department Counsel was ready to proceed. On August 28, 2017, the case was assigned to me. On November 8, 2017, the Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) issued a notice of hearing, setting the hearing for November 29, 2017. HE 1. Applicant’s hearing was held as scheduled. During the hearing, Department Counsel offered four exhibits; Applicant offered four exhibits; there were no objections; and all proffered exhibits were admitted into evidence. Transcript (Tr.) 18-21; GE 1-4; Applicant Exhibit (AE) A-AE D. On December 8, 2017, DOHA received a copy of the hearing transcript. On December 21, 2017, Applicant provided three exhibits, which were admitted without objection. AE E-AE G. The record closed on January 30, 2018. Tr. 34, 36.

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) issued Security Executive Agent Directive 4, establishing in Appendix A the National Security Adjudicative Guidelines for Determining Eligibility for Access to Classified Information or Eligibility to Hold a Sensitive Position (AGs), which he made applicable to all covered individuals who require initial or continued eligibility for access to classified information or eligibility to hold a sensitive position on or after June 8, 2017. The new AGs supersede the previous AGs. Accordingly, I have evaluated Applicant’s security clearance eligibility under the new AGs.1

Findings of Fact2

In Applicant’s SOR response, he admitted SOR ¶¶ 1.a and 1.b. HE 3. Applicant’s admissions are accepted as findings of fact. Additional findings of fact follow.

Applicant is 47 years old, and a DOD contractor has employed him as a mechanical engineer for 22 years. Tr. 7-8; GE 1. In 1988, he graduated from high school. Tr. 5. In 1995, he received a bachelor of science degree with a major in engineering mechanics. Tr. 7. He is not married, and he does not have any children. Tr. 8. He has not served in the U.S. armed forces. Tr. 7.

Financial Considerations

Applicant’s annual salary is about $80,000. Tr. 22. He has about $22,000 in savings and about $500,000 in his 401(k) account. Tr. 22.

Applicant said he misplaced some documentation and that “led to an extreme amount of procrastinating that snowballed into quite a few years passing without resolving the matter.” Tr. 15-16; AE A. He calculated that he did not owe any taxes, and this made it easier to engage in additional procrastination. Tr. 16; AE A. He filled out tax returns for tax years 2007 to 2016 about a week before his hearing, and this confirmed his belief that he did not owe federal or state income taxes. Tr. 16, 23, 26; AE A. He has been aware since the completion of his SCA that the Government had an interest in his filing of his tax returns. Tr. 24. It took some time for Applicant to locate the necessary documentation to file his tax returns. Tr. 25. He intended to submit his tax returns to the IRS and the state tax authority in the near future for “record keeping purposes” and to claim his refunds to the extent permitted by law. Tr. 16, 25; AE A. Recently he was delayed in filing his tax returns because of requirements at work. Tr. 27. On December 16, 2017, he signed and filed his state and federal income tax returns for tax years 2008 to 2016. AE E; AE F. He is credited with mailing his tax returns to the federal and state tax authorities on December 16, 2017. Tr. 34-35.

When Applicant completed his tax returns, it was not necessary to include any payments for penalties for late filing as there is no penalty because no tax is due.3 Tr. 29- 30. He was not aware that there is a misdemeanor-level federal criminal offense for failure to file one’s federal tax return. Tr. 31.

Applicant provided information for ten tax years (AE B; AE F-AE G), which is duplicated in the below table:

Tax Year Federal Tax Refund State Tax Refund 2007 $629 $196 2008 $525 $172 2009 $349 $123 2010 $396 $126 2011 $676 $201 2012 $710 $223 2013 $785 $333 2014 $782 $186 2015 $655 $238 2016 $777 $234

Applicant’s other bills are current. Tr. 17; AE A. He paid off his mortgage in September 2018. Tr. 17; AE A. Applicant’s finances are in excellent condition. GE 3-GE 4. Applicant safeguards proprietary and confidential information, and there have been no violations of rules designed to protect such information. Tr. 17-18, 28; AE A. He promised to protect classified information if he receives a security clearance. Tr. 18; AE A.

POLICIES

The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized the substantial discretion of the Executive Branch in regulating access to information pertaining to national security emphasizing, “no one has a ‘right’ to a security clearance.” Department of the Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518, 528 (1988). As Commander in Chief, the President has the authority to control access to information bearing on national security and to determine whether an individual is sufficiently trustworthy to have access to such information.” Id. at 527. The President has authorized the Secretary of Defense or his designee to grant applicant’s eligibility for access to classified information “only upon a finding that it is clearly consistent with the national interest to do so.” Exec. Or. 10865.

Eligibility for a security clearance is predicated upon the applicant meeting the criteria contained in the adjudicative guidelines. These guidelines are not inflexible rules of law. Instead, recognizing the complexities of human behavior, these guidelines are applied in conjunction with an evaluation of the whole person. An administrative judge’s overarching adjudicative goal is a fair, impartial, and commonsense decision. An administrative judge must consider all available, reliable information about the person, past and present, favorable and unfavorable.

The Government reposes a high degree of trust and confidence in persons with access to classified information. This relationship transcends normal duty hours and endures throughout off-duty hours. Decisions include, by necessity, consideration of the possible risk the applicant may deliberately or inadvertently fail to safeguard classified information. Such decisions entail a certain degree of legally permissible extrapolation about potential, rather than actual, risk of compromise of classified information. Clearance decisions must be “in terms of the national interest and shall in no sense be a determination as to the loyalty of the applicant concerned.” See Exec. Or. 10865 § 7. Thus, nothing in this decision should be construed to suggest that it is based, in whole or in part, on any express or implied determination about applicant’s allegiance, loyalty, or patriotism. It is merely an indication the applicant has not met the strict guidelines the President, Secretary of Defense, and DNI have established for issuing a clearance.

Initially, the Government must establish, by substantial evidence, conditions in the personal or professional history of the applicant that may disqualify the applicant from being eligible for access to classified information. The Government has the burden of establishing controverted facts alleged in the SOR. See Egan, 484 U.S. at 531. “Substantial evidence” is “more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.” See v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 36 F.3d 375, 380 (4th Cir. 1994). The guidelines presume a nexus or rational connection between proven conduct under any of the criteria listed therein and an applicant’s security suitability. See ISCR Case No. 95-0611 at 2 (App. Bd. May 2, 1996).

Once the Government establishes a disqualifying condition by substantial evidence, the burden shifts to the applicant to rebut, explain, extenuate, or mitigate the facts. Directive ¶ E3.1.15. An applicant “has the ultimate burden of demonstrating that it is clearly consistent with the national interest to grant or continue his security clearance.” ISCR Case No. 01-20700 at 3 (App. Bd. Dec. 19, 2002). The burden of disproving a mitigating condition never shifts to the Government. See ISCR Case No. 02-31154 at 5 (App. Bd. Sep. 22, 2005). “[S]ecurity clearance determinations should err, if they must, on the side of denials.” Egan, 484 U.S. at 531; see AG ¶ 2(b).

ANALYSIS

Financial Considerations

AG ¶ 18 articulates the security concern for financial problems:

Failure to live within one’s means, satisfy debts, and meet financial obligations may indicate poor self-control, lack of judgment, or unwillingness to abide by rules and regulations, all of which can raise questions about an individual’s reliability, trustworthiness, and ability to protect classified or sensitive information. . . . An individual who is financially overextended is at greater risk of having to engage in illegal or otherwise questionable acts to generate funds. . . .

The Appeal Board explained the scope and rationale for the financial considerations security concern in ISCR Case No. 11-05365 at 3 (App. Bd. May 1, 2012) (citation omitted) as follows:

This concern is broader than the possibility that an applicant might knowingly compromise classified information in order to raise money in satisfaction of his or her debts. Rather, it requires a Judge to examine the totality of an applicant’s financial history and circumstances. The Judge must consider pertinent evidence regarding the applicant’s self-control, judgment, and other qualities essential to protecting the national secrets as well as the vulnerabilities inherent in the circumstances. The Directive presumes a nexus between proven conduct under any of the Guidelines and an applicant’s security eligibility.

AG ¶ 19 includes one disqualifying condition that could raise a security concern and may be disqualifying in this case: “(f) failure to file . . . annual Federal, state, or local income tax returns . . . tax as required.” The record establishes AG ¶ 19(f).

Seven financial considerations mitigating conditions under AG ¶ 20 are potentially applicable in this case:

(a) the behavior happened so long ago,4 was so infrequent, or occurred under such circumstances that it is unlikely to recur and does not cast doubt on the individual’s current reliability, trustworthiness, or good judgment;

(b) the conditions that resulted in the financial problem were largely beyond the person’s control (e.g., loss of employment, a business downturn, unexpected medical emergency, a death, divorce or separation, clear victimization by predatory lending practices, or identity theft), and the individual acted responsibly under the circumstances;

(c) the individual has received or is receiving financial counseling for the problem from a legitimate and credible source, such as a non-profit credit counseling service, and there are clear indications that the problem is being resolved or is under control;

(d) the individual initiated and is adhering to a good-faith effort to repay overdue creditors or otherwise resolve debts;5 (e) the individual has a reasonable basis to dispute the legitimacy of the past-due debt which is the cause of the problem and provides documented proof to substantiate the basis of the dispute or provides evidence of actions to resolve the issue;

(f) the affluence resulted from a legal source of income; and

(g) the individual has made arrangements with the appropriate tax authority to file or pay the amount owed and is in compliance with those arrangements.

The DOHA Appeal Board concisely explained Applicant’s responsibility for proving the applicability of mitigating conditions as follows:

Once a concern arises regarding an Applicant’s security clearance eligibility, there is a strong presumption against the grant or maintenance of a security clearance. See Dorfmont v. Brown, 913 F. 2d 1399, 1401 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 905 (1991). After the Government presents evidence raising security concerns, the burden shifts to the applicant to rebut or mitigate those concerns. See Directive ¶ E3.1.15. The standard applicable in security clearance decisions is that articulated in Egan, supra. “Any doubt concerning personnel being considered for access to classified information will be resolved in favor of the national security.” Directive, Enclosure 2 ¶ 2(b).

ISCR Case No. 10-04641 at 4 (App. Bd. Sept. 24, 2013).

Applicant has taken an important step towards establishing his financial responsibility. On December 16, 2017, Applicant filed his state and federal income tax returns for tax years 2007 to 2016. No taxes were due.

A willful failure to timely make (means complete and file with the IRS) a federal income tax return is a misdemeanor-level federal criminal offense.6 For purposes of this decision, I am not weighing Applicant’s failure to timely file his federal income tax returns against him as a federal crime. In regard to the failure to timely file federal and state income tax returns, the DOHA Appeal Board has commented:

Failure to file tax returns suggests that an applicant has a problem with complying with well-established governmental rules and systems. Voluntary compliance with such rules and systems is essential for protecting classified information. ISCR Case No. 01-05340 at 3 (App. Bd. Dec. 20, 2002). As we have noted in the past, a clearance adjudication is not directed at collecting debts. See, e.g., ISCR Case No. 07-08049 at 5 (App. Bd. Jul. 22, 2008). By the same token, neither is it directed toward inducing an applicant to file tax returns. Rather, it is a proceeding aimed at evaluating an applicant’s judgment and reliability. Id. A person who fails repeatedly to fulfill his or her legal obligations does not demonstrate the high degree of good judgment and reliability required of those granted access to classified information. See, e.g., ISCR Case No. 14-01894 at 5 (App. Bd. Aug. 18, 2015). See Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union Local 473 v. McElroy, 284 F.2d 173, 183 (D.C. Cir. 1960), aff’d, 367 U.S. 886 (1961).

ISCR Case No. 14-04437 at 3 (App. Bd. Apr. 15, 2016) (emphasis in original). See ISCR Case No. 14-05476 at 5 (App. Bd. Mar. 25, 2016) (citing ISCR Case No. 01-05340 at 3 (App. Bd. Dec. 20, 2002)); ISCR Case No. 14-01894 at 4-5 (App. Bd. Aug. 18, 2015). The Appeal Board clarified that even in instances where an “[a]pplicant has purportedly corrected [his or her] federal tax problem, and the fact that [applicant] is now motivated to prevent such problems in the future, does not preclude careful consideration of [a]pplicant’s security worthiness in light of [his or her] longstanding prior behavior evidencing irresponsibility” including a failure to timely file federal income tax returns. See ISCR Case No. 15-01031 at 3 and note 3 (App. Bd. June 15, 2016) (characterizing “no harm, no foul” approach to an Applicant’s course of conduct and employing an “all’s well that ends well” analysis as inadequate to support approval of access to classified information with focus on timing of filing of tax returns after receipt of the SOR).

In ISCR Case No. 15-01031 at 2 (App. Bd. June 15, 2016), the Appeal Board reversed the grant of a security clearance, and noted the following primary relevant disqualifying facts:

Applicant filed his 2011 Federal income tax return in December 2013 and received a $2,074 tax refund. He filed his 2012 Federal tax return in September 2014 and his 2013 Federal tax return in October 2015. He received Federal tax refunds of $3,664 for 2012 and $1,013 for 2013.

misdemeanor . . . .

United States, 51 F.2d 193 (7th Cir. 1931). Notwithstanding the lack of any tax debt owed, the Appeal Board provided the following principal rationale for reversing the grant of a security clearance:

Failure to comply with Federal and/or state tax laws suggests that an applicant has a problem with abiding by well-established Government rules and regulations. Voluntary compliance with rules and regulations is essential for protecting classified information. . . . By failing to file his 2011, 2012, and 2013 Federal income tax returns in a timely manner, Applicant did not demonstrate the high degree of good judgment and reliability required of persons granted access to classified information.

ISCR Case No. 15-01031 at 4 (App. Bd. June 15, 2016) (citations omitted). In this instance, AG ¶ 20(g) applies because Applicant has filed all tax returns and paid all taxes; however, the timing of the filings of his tax returns is an important aspect of the analysis. In ISCR Case No. 15-06440 at 4 (App. Bd. Dec. 26, 2017) the Appeal Board reversed the grant of a security clearance, discussed how AG ¶ 20(g) applied, and noted:

The timing of the resolution of financial problems is an important factor in evaluating an applicant’s case for mitigation because an applicant who begins to resolve financial problems only after being placed on notice that his clearance was in jeopardy may lack the judgment and self-discipline to follow rules and regulations over time or when there is no immediate threat to his own interests. In this case, Applicant’s filing of his Federal income tax returns for 2009-2014 after submitting his SCA, undergoing his background interview, or receiving the SOR undercuts the weight such remedial action might otherwise merit.

Applicant did not provide a good reason for his decisions not to file his federal and state tax returns on time or at least much sooner. Applicant candidly stated the failure to timely file his tax returns was primarily due to procrastination. Under all the circumstances, he failed to establish mitigation of financial considerations security concerns.

WHOLE PERSON CONCEPT

Under the whole-person concept, the administrative judge must evaluate an Applicant’s eligibility for a security clearance by considering the totality of the Applicant’s conduct and all the circumstances. The administrative judge should consider the nine adjudicative process factors listed at AG ¶ 2(d):

(1) the nature, extent, and seriousness of the conduct; (2) the circumstances surrounding the conduct, to include knowledgeable participation; (3) the frequency and recency of the conduct; (4) the individual’s age and maturity at the time of the conduct; (5) the extent to which participation is voluntary; (6) the presence or absence of rehabilitation and other permanent behavioral changes; (7) the motivation for the conduct; (8) the potential for pressure, coercion, exploitation, or duress; and (9) the likelihood of continuation or recurrence. Under AG ¶ 2(c), “[t]he ultimate determination” of whether to grant a security clearance “must be an overall commonsense judgment based upon careful consideration of the guidelines” and the whole-person concept. My comments under Guideline F are incorporated in my whole-person analysis. Some of the factors in AG ¶ 2(d) were addressed under that guideline but some warrant additional comment.

Applicant is 47 years old, and a DOD contractor has employed him as a mechanical engineer for 22 years. In 1995, he received a bachelor of science degree with a major in engineering mechanics. There is no evidence of violations of his employer’s rules, abuse of alcohol, or use of illegal drugs.

The evidence against grant of his security clearance is more substantial. On December 16, 2017, Applicant filed his state and federal income tax returns for tax years 2007 to 2016, and his filings of his state and federal income tax returns for those ten years were not timely. When a tax issue is involved, an administrative judge is required to consider how long an applicant waits to file his or her tax returns, whether the IRS generates the tax returns, and how long the applicant waits after a tax debt arises to begin and complete making payments.7 In this case, the IRS did not generate his tax returns, and he did not owe taxes. The primary problem here is that Applicant has known that he needed to file federal and state income tax returns for several years. Even though he knew he was going to receive refunds, he had a legal requirement to timely file his tax returns. He did not fully understand or appreciate the importance of timely filing of tax

reliability, trustworthiness, and ability to protect classified information.”). Applicant’s uncorroborated returns. He procrastinated. His actions in December 2017 are too little, too late to fully mitigate security concerns arising from his failure to timely file ten years of tax returns.

It is well settled that once a concern arises regarding an applicant’s security clearance eligibility, there is a strong presumption against the granting a security clearance. See Dorfmont, 913 F. 2dat 1401. Unmitigated financial considerations security concerns lead me to conclude that grant of a security clearance to Applicant is not warranted at this time. This decision should not be construed as a determination that Applicant cannot or will not attain the state of reform necessary for award of a security clearance in the future.

I have carefully applied the law, as set forth in Egan, Exec. Or. 10865, the Directive, and the AGs, to the facts and circumstances in the context of the whole person. Financial considerations security concerns are not mitigated.

FORMAL FINDINGS

Formal findings For or Against Applicant on the allegations set forth in the SOR, as required by Section E3.1.25 of Enclosure 3 of the Directive, are:

Paragraph 1, Guideline F: AGAINST APPLICANT

Subparagraphs 1.a and 1.b: Against Applicant

CONCLUSION

In light of all of the circumstances presented by the record in this case, it is not clearly consistent with the interests of national security to grant or continue Applicant’s eligibility for a security clearance. Eligibility for access to classified information is denied.

_________________________ Mark Harvey Administrative Judge

FOOTNOTES

1 Application of the AGs that were in effect as of the issuance of the SOR would not change my decision in this case. The new AGs are available at http://ogc.osd.mil/doha/SEAD4 20170608.pdf.

2 Some details were excluded to protect Applicant’s right to privacy. Specific information is available in the cited exhibits. 3 IRS website, “Eight Facts on Late Filing and Late Payment Penalties,” https://www.irs.gov/ newsroom/eight-facts-on-late-filing-and-late-payment-penalties. 4 A debt that became delinquent several years ago is still considered recent because “an applicant’s ongoing, unpaid debts evidence a continuing course of conduct and, therefore, can be viewed as recent for purposes of the Guideline F mitigating conditions.” ISCR Case No. 15-06532 at 3 (App. Bd. February 16, 2017) (citing ISCR Case No. 15-01690 at 2 (App. Bd. Sep. 13, 2016)).

5 The Appeal Board has previously explained what constitutes a “good faith” effort to repay overdue creditors or otherwise resolve debts: In order to qualify for application of [the “good faith” mitigating condition], an applicant must present evidence showing either a good-faith effort to repay overdue creditors or some other good-faith action aimed at resolving the applicant’s debts. The Directive does not define the term “good-faith.” However, the Board has indicated that the concept of good- faith “requires a showing that a person acts in a way that shows reasonableness, prudence, honesty, and adherence to duty or obligation.” Accordingly, an applicant must do more than merely show that he or she relied on a legally available option (such as bankruptcy) in order to claim the benefit of [the “good faith” mitigating condition].

(internal citation and footnote omitted) ISCR Case No. 02-30304 at 3 (App. Bd. Apr. 20, 2004) (quoting ISCR Case No. 99-9020 at 5-6 (App. Bd. June 4, 2001)).

6 Title 26 U.S.C, § 7203, willful failure to file return, supply information, or pay tax, reads:

Any person . . . required by this title or by regulations made under authority thereof to make a return, keep any records, or supply any information, who willfully fails to . . . make such return, keep such records, or supply such information, at the time or times required by law or regulations, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a

A willful failure to make tax return, keep records, or supply information when required, is a misdemeanor without regard to existence of any tax liability. Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492 (1943); United States v. Walker, 479 F.2d 407 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. McCabe, 416 F.2d 957 (7th Cir. 1969); O’Brien v. 7 The recent emphasis of the Appeal Board on security concerns arising from tax cases is instructive. See ISCR Case No. 14-05794 at 7 (App. Bd. July 7, 2016) (reversing grant of security clearance and stating, “His delay in taking action to resolve his tax deficiency for years and then taking action only after his security clearance was in jeopardy undercuts a determination that Applicant has rehabilitated himself and does not reflect the voluntary compliance of rules and regulations expected of someone entrusted with the nation’s secrets.”); ISCR Case No. 14-01894 at 2-6 (App. Bd. Aug. 18, 2015) (reversing grant of a security clearance, discussing lack of detailed corroboration of circumstances beyond applicant’s control adversely affecting finances, noting two tax liens totaling $175,000 and garnishment of Applicant’s wages, and emphasizing the applicant’s failure to timely file and pay taxes); ISCR Case No. 12-05053 at 4 (App. Bd. Oct. 30, 2014) (reversing grant of a security clearance, noting not all tax returns filed, and insufficient discussion of Applicant’s efforts to resolve tax liens). More recently, in ISCR Case No. 14-05476 (App. Bd. Mar. 25, 2016) the Appeal Board reversed a grant of a security clearance for a retired E-9 and cited his failure to timely file state tax returns for tax years 2010 through 2013 and federal returns for tax years 2010 through 2012. Before his hearing, he filed his tax returns and paid his tax debts except for $13,000, which was in an established payment plan. The Appeal Board highlighted his annual income of over $200,000 and discounted his non-tax expenses, contributions to DOD, expenditures for his children’s college tuition and expenses, and spouse’s medical problems. The Appeal Board emphasized “the allegations regarding his failure to file tax returns in the first place stating, it is well settled that failure to file tax returns suggest that an applicant has a problem with complying with well-established government rules and systems. Voluntary compliance with such rules and systems is essential for protecting classified information.” Id. at 5 (citing ISCR Case No. 01-05340 at 3 (App. Bd. Dec. 20, 2002) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). See also ISCR Case No. 14-03358 at 3, 5 (App. Bd. Oct. 9, 2015) (reversing grant of a security clearance, noting $150,000 owed to the federal government, and stating “A security clearance represents an obligation to the Federal Government for the protection of national secrets. Accordingly failure to honor other obligations to the Government has a direct bearing on an applicant’s

statements that all tax returns were filed is insufficient to prove tax returns were filed. See ISCR Case No. 15-06440 at 4 (App. Bd. Dec. 26, 2017) (citing e.g., ISCR Case No. 96-0897 at 2-3 (App. Bd. Dec. 9, 1997) and reversing grant of security clearance).